• Growth habit: An upright to rounded cool season annual growing to 18 inches tall and equally wide. The leaves are medium green, elliptic in shape and growing to 6 inches long and 2 inches wide.

• Light: Plant in full sun to lightly shaded locations.

• Water needs: Prefers a moist soil but tolerates short period of drought.

• Feedings: Apply a general garden fertilizer monthly to in ground plantings; every other week to container plantings.

• Propagation: Start from seed.

• Ease of culture: Easy.

• Hardiness: Hardy

• Major problems: Plants are susceptible to nematodes; plant in pest -free soils. Chewing insects and slugs are common feeders.

• Pruning: Trim faded blooms from plantings to keep calendulas attractive and encourage additional buds. Remove declining plants when the hot weather returns and replace with warm season annuals.

• Uses: A colorful traditional annual gardeners can count on for cool season flowers in beds and containers. Buds open November through April producing displays of over 2 inch diameter blossoms in shades of yellow to orange colors often with a dark center; flowers may be single or double depending on the variety. Petals from pesticide-free plantings are edible and sometimes added to salads, soups and rice.

• Florida native: No; native to Europe and North Africa.

TOM MacCUBBIN

Special to the Sentinel

Tasks for February

1. Time to update the vegetable garden for winter. Plant seedlings of cabbage, cauliflower, brussel sprouts, celery, silverbeet, spinach and leeks.
2. Plant more lettuce seedlings as you harvest to keep the summer salad supply going.
3. Sow seeds of beetroot, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, celery, cress, lettuce, leeks, spring onion, radish, silverbeet, swedes, kohl rabi, spinach and parsnip.
4. Sweetcorn, tomatoes, eggplants, cucumbers, courgettes, garlic, onions, early carrots, new potatoes, peas, beans, and lettuces all come ready for harvest.
5. Pick sweetcorn when the tassels begin to dry.
6. Pick cucumbers and courgettes as they come ready (every day) to encourage continuous fruiting, and before courgettes turn into marrows!
7. Thin carrots and eat the finger sized thinnings.
8. Powdery mildew on cucumbers and pumpkins can be controlled by spraying with Yates fungus fighter.
9. Use Derris Dust to prevent white butterfly caterpillars on cabbages and cauliflower.
10. Feed seedlings regularly with fertiliser.

Fruit Trees

1. Keep fruit trees well watered for best quality fruit.
2. Prune pip and stone fruit trees as soon as fruit is picked. Seal wounds with pruning paste.
3. Trim excessive growth from grape vines before harvesting.
4. Feed citrus trees well with Gro plus Citrus applied around the drip line and watered in.

Flower Garden

1. Start planting spring flowering bulbs such as daffodils, freesias, anemones, ranunculus, sparaxis, ixias, grape hyacinths, tritonia and lachenalia.
2. Sow seeds of alyssum, aquilegia, arctotis, bellis, candytuft, cornflower, delphinium, dianthus, godetia, gypsophila, honesty, larspur, linaria, lobelia, lupin, nemesia, nigelia, pansy, polyanthus, scabiosa, snapdragon, stock and wallflower.
3. Spray roses with Super Shield at 2-3 weekly intervals.
4. Dead head roses, perennials and flowering annuals as flowers finish. This will extend the flowering season. Stake tall perennials.
5. Water roses (also trees and shrubs) by thoroughly soaking once a week. Shallow watering only encourages shallow root growth.
6. Control thrips on gladioli, azaleas, camellias and other shrubs with Super Shield.

   Houseplants and outdoor containers

• Plant out annuals in garden and containers; alyssum, cornflower, linaria, lupin, pansy, primula, stock, sweet pea, viola and wallflower.

Lawns

• Feed with lawn fertiliser to thicken grass sward and reduce weeds.

“Edo ergo sum” (I eat, therefore I am), said Hippocrates in the 5th century BC while practising medicine and living on the Greek island of Kos. When it comes to what we put into our bodies, this ancient notion that eating healthily affects the core of our day-to-day existence is now well accepted. And buying organic when affordable and feasible has become a part of this attempt to do the best for our bodies. Even in these credit-crunch times, many households are putting some organic basics into the shopping trolley. If I can’t afford anything else in the organic sector, I do at least try to buy organic milk.

The idea, however, of opting for organic versions of beauty products is still largely the preserve of super-rich celebrities. Elizabeth Hurley and Kylie Minogue are both, apparently, organic beauty devotees. And yet the skin is the largest organ of our bodies and absorbs many of the ingredients from the products we use on it. Given that many of these ingredients, such as chemical detergents and preservatives, are at the very best harsh and at the very worst possibly linked to health problems, it seems odd that we take such a different view on the quality of what we put in to rather than on to our bodies. It was this sentiment that brought me to the conclusion that when possible, I would try to go organic in my skincare regimen. As one of the country’s best-known beauty editors once said to me: “The key, darling, is go organic on your body.” In other words, if you can’t manage to splurge on a head-to-toe organic regimen, then at least treat yourself to an organic body cream that will be used regularly on the largest surface area.

While I’m the first to admit that organic face creams can make even the most pricey high-tech facial products look good value, I know from experience that they can give great results. If all else fails, look for other products with as “clean” a label as possible – see the list of nasties below – for day-to-day facial cleansers, toners and moisturisers, and put some luxurious organic versions on your birthday-present list.

To get an idea of which ones to opt for, here are some top tips that I have selected from Margo Marrone’s new book The Organic Pharmacy. As both a qualified pharmacist and homoeopath, Marrone’s passion for organic beauty products is informed and compelling. She has persuaded me to opt for organic skincare when I can and to be much more selective about the non-organic beauty products that I buy. It’s a great read, which covers everything from detoxing to anti-ageing – and it certainly gives food for thought.

ROSE: the star ingredient

Fresh leaves and flowers are steam-distilled to produce rose water and rose essential oil. It takes 40,000kg (44 tons) of rose petals to make 1kg (2.2lb) of rose oil, making it more expensive than gold.Rose (Rosa damascena) is a mixture of more than 300 compounds, some of which scientists have yet to identify. These compounds give rose countless therapeutic qualities; its most important actions on the body and mind are given in the lists below.

FOR THE SKIN

Anti-ageing Roses contain plant pigments called anthocyanins. These are powerful antioxidants that protect the rose plant from “photo damage” by the harmful UV rays in sunlight. Amazingly, anthocyanins can also protect our skin cells when applied topically (as an oil) or taken internally (as a tea). They also strengthen the capillaries in the skin and inhibit the breakdown of elastin, making rose a favourite for anti-ageing treatments.

To reduce redness and broken capillaries Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, vitamin B3 (nicotinamide) is a key ingredient in rose oil. This nutrient aids the circulation and helps to keep the skin free from broken veins and redness.

To heal inflammation Rose contains the flavonoid quercetin, which studies have suggested may prevent swelling. It also contains anti-inflammatory compounds called polyphenols and carotenoids. According to research, quercetin may also block the enzyme that breaks down elastin, helping to keep skin supple and smooth.

FOR HEALTH

To increase fertility As it contains astringent tannins, which can harmonise menstrual flow, rose is a great choice for improving reproductive health in women. Rose also helps to cleanse the body and has been shown to increase sperm count.

To improve mood Rose essential oil is well known for its uplifting action on the mind. While there has been no firm research on this aspect of rose’s activity, the oil’s amazing mood-enhancing effect is thought to be a result of its action on the hypothalamus, the part of the brain that is linked to the limbic system, which, in turn, is involved with the control of emotions.

INGREDIENTS TO AVOID

Parabens (parahydroxy benoic acid)

Artificial fragrances

Detergents (sodium lauryl sulphate and sodium laureth sulphate)

Nitrosamine precursors (these are DEA and TEA, which react with nitrites to become carcinogenic nitrosamines)

Formaldehyde-releasing preservatives (quaternium 15, imidazolidinyl urea, DMDM hydantoin, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1, 3-diol)

Propylene glycerol, phthalates

THE ANTI-AGEING PLAN

The natural world is packed with herbs and nutrients that effectively accelerate and enhance the processes of repair and regeneration if applied to the skin. They contain antioxidants (studies suggest that if they are applied topically they can reverse skin-ageing), nutrients to reverse the natural slowing of the skin’s ability to repair and renew itself, and herbs that promote good micro-capillary action, which in turn feeds your skin with essential nutrients and oxygen and carries away waste products. The following herbs, applied topically, are essential for an effective anti-ageing regime. Look for creams, oils and serums containing these ingredients and apply them twice a day as part of your daily skin-care programme.

PINE BARK EXTRACT (Pinus maritima)

This protects skin by binding elastin and collagen and preventing their breakdown, so reducing wrinkles. This substance also protects the tiny capillaries and restores good blood circulation, assuring the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the skin, and removing waste.

ALOE VERA (Aloe vera)

The active ingredients in aloe vera are so potent that it has clearly demonstrable healing, anti-inflammatory, cell renewal and moisturising effects on the skin. Always use aloe vera extract of the highest quality.

CALENDULA (Calendula officinalis)

The king of the herbs when it comes to beating back the clock, calendula acts on ageing skin in three main ways. First, at a time when blood supply is diminishing, calendula helps to create new blood vessels in the skin. Second, it is packed full of carotenoid pigments and lutein, the antioxidant effects of which fight free-radical damage. And finally, research indicates that calendula stimulates collagen synthesis and cell regeneration for younger-looking skin.

BILBERRY (Vaccinium myrtillus)

When you eat bilberries, the antioxidant-rich fruit works internally to fight free radicals and improve micro-circulation – and they do exactly the same when applied externally, too!

GREEN TEA

Contains polyphenols (plant chemicals) that are 20 times stronger than the beneficial plant chemicals found in vitamin E. As a result, when applied to the skin, green tea protects skin cells from damage by free radicals. In addition, xanthines (a group of alkaloids) in green tea act as a potent anti-inflammatory. Good natural pharmacies and skincare boutiques will sell products that contain green tea.

KIGELIA (Kigelia africana)

Studies have suggested kigelia (also known by the delightful name “the African sausage tree”) to be rich in derivatives of caffeic acid, a compound with strong antioxidant properties. Kigelia also has a potent anti-inflammatory action on the skin, helping it to repair itself, and contains hormone-like substances that are responsible for firming the skin.

GOTU KOLA (Centella asiatica)

Gotu kola has many different actions on the skin. First, as an anti-inflammatory, this herb activates collagen synthesis and slows collagen breakdown. Its effect on the micro-circulation helps to improve cell nutrition and detoxification. It rebalances the keratinisation process (the replenishment of keratin in cells) of the top layer of the epidermis so thwarting moisture loss and restoring the skin’s integrity.

UNDERSTANDING YOUR SKIN

Your skin is a living, breathing organ, the largest in the body. As well as affecting the way you look and feel, the skin has several crucial functions. First, it forms a barrier against invading microbes. Second, it allows you to touch and feel. And third, it helps to maintain your body temperature, stores and synthesises vitamin D, provides a system of elimination that allows you to expel toxins through sweat, and absorbs oxygen and other nutrients. In short, your skin is busy!

YOUR DAILY SKIN-CARE ROUTINE

STEP 1 Cleansing is crucial. Dirt, pollution, grime and make-up mix with the skin’s natural moisturiser, sebum and, if not removed with a cleanser, clogs up the pores, which dulls the skin and can cause spots.

What to use As sebum is oily, the best cleanser is oil-based, and is removed with a face cloth that has been soaked in hand-hot water and wrung out. Oily skin will benefit from this, too, because the procedure helps to remove excess sebum.

When to cleanse The most important time to cleanse is at night. In the morning, use a gentle face wash or milk. Cleansing more than twice a day is unnecessary and may irritate the skin.

STEP 2 Toning This removes the residues of a cleanser. Think of it, however, as your primary moisturiser, giving water and nutrients back to your skin.

What to use Use a toner packed with herbal extracts that repair the skin. Aloe vera and rose are great for all skin types; rose on its own is excellent for dry skin. Use a combination of aloe with a herb such as lavender or calendula for oily skin, and with lemon or gotu kola for combination skin.

When to tone You should tone your skin twice a day, morning and night.

STEP 3 Moisturising protects skin from the elements and increases the water content of the stratum corneum – the uppermost layer of the epidermis – by restoring the lipid barrier of the skin’s cells using beeswax, plant oils or a mineral oil known as petrolatum (although petrolatum can hinder other functions in the skin, such as “breathing”). Other ingredients called humectants, such as glycerin and sorbitol, rehydrate the skin.

What to use You need two kinds of moisturiser. The first is a normal cream-based product that includes lipid restorers and humectants. The second is a face oil or, for those with very oily skin, a gel or serum that contains small amounts of oil. Remember that quality is essential. Look for oils that are cold-pressed, organic and rich in colour – these are all signs of a good oil.

When to moisturise Twice a day. Use your full moisturising cream in the morning with a mineral SPF cream (using zinc oxide) over the top, and the face oil or gel at night.

THE THREE-MINUTE DIY FACIAL

The younger we are, the quicker the renewal of cells in the epidermis, which is what keeps us looking youthful. A facial every 28 days greatly enhances this cycle of skin-cell regeneration, while gentle massage on the face improves blood-flow to the skin. It also stimulates the movement of lymph, which, unlike the blood, has no pumping action of its own. However, even without a salon facial every month, giving yourself this simple, three-minute facial massage as part of your daily cleansing routine helps to recontour your face, reduce puffiness and give your complexion that all-important glow.

1. With a little cleanser or treatment serum applied to your fingers and palms, beginning at the centre of your brow, swipe outward, moving your hands away from one another toward your ears and then down your neck. Repeat this motion, this time beginning beneath your eyes (fingers either side of your nose), then out toward your ears and down the sides of your neck; and then again, this time beginning beneath your nose at the middle of your top lip.

2. Apply more cleanser or treatment serum as necessary, then using the fingers of both hands, begin at your chin and swipe outward toward your ears and down the sides of your neck.

3. Beginning at your temples, swipe down the sides of your face and down your neck. Then finish by gently sweeping your fingers up your neck and across your cheeks, using superficial tapping movements.

And there we were, gathering the dried curly seeds from the spent flowers, filling the little jar I’d brought outside to overflowing, requiring me to get a half-pint jar to house the wildly abundant cosmos seeds.

“We’ll give them as Christmas gifts!” I said exuberantly, and since then, my son has been industrious, helping me gather seeds from bachelor buttons, onions, and calendula. When I do laundry, I find sunflower seeds in his pockets. They’re the good ones — infrared, a startling and gorgeous almost black-red flower — so I save them.

Calendula and cosmos grow like weeds here in Portland, so it’s easy this month to gather them and sort by color (if any of the flowers are still growing on the plants from which you harvest seeds) and store them in airtight containers. You’ll want a relatively cool place; if you keep them in the fridge, be sure to find a moisture absorber to include in the container. Buy small envelopes or, even better, recycle spice jars and old manila envelopes into homemade wildflower seed packets. Have your kids help you decorate the envelopes. Flower seeds are not just a welcome gift (at least in my house) that will grow into beautiful flowers, but these species are all beneficial to other plants, mostly edible, and attract honeybees. What’s more, you can sneak a little science into your holiday preparation. It’s way better than going to the mall!

One thing led to another, and the group and Drumm decided to try to grow calendula in Sussex House’s greenhouse, then make the petals into a therapeutic ointment for dry skin and other epidermal maladies listed in an herbal recipe book Drumm had picked up at a garage sale. “I thought it would be fun and interesting to make something as a group project,” Drumm said. She ordered the seeds and the project began in March.

By June, calendula plants were growing everywhere outside in the garden. “We planted them and �pop,’” exclaimed Sussex House member Angela Giuliano, of Andover, “Suddenly they were everywhere.” Another member, Ken Wu, also of Andover, said, “We go out and pick the flowers and then we made a jar of the calendula ointment for every one of us. That’s a lot of flowers.”
Deborah Drumm shows her class some calendula in the Sussex House garden.

Preparing the ointment

Once the flowers were ready, Drumm and the members said it was “a work in progress” to come up with a formula that worked to create the salve. Take one was a bit of a disaster, but after that, a formula was created and each member took on a role in the process of cooking the flowers in oil, then adding the wax, which they obtained at the New Jersey State Fair.

“The whole thing has been an amazing experience,” said Sussex House member Theresa Budzinski, of Hamburg. “I think it brought everyone in our group together and we learned a lot about plants which is a lot more interesting than only learning about pharmaceuticals in a group.” Of Drum, she added, “We also have the best teacher in the world.”

Kevin Karpowich, of Sparta, said he joined Drumm’s group at the urging of a friend. “This has been a great learning process,” he said, “Calendula is something I never would have known about had it not been for this group.”

Results

As for results from the ointment, the members can’t sing its praises enough. Giuliano has found relief from eczema that’s affected her for years, as well as dry lips she gets from some medicine she has to take. Wu said it worked “like magic” on a bad case of poison ivy he had on his leg. “It was so itchy and nothing worked. I’d made it worse by scratching, too, then I put the calendula ointment we made on it, and it was better within a few days.”

History

Ironically, part way through the project, one of the members in the group stumbled upon the fact that calendula was the herb of the year. Also known as pot marigold, calendula was chosen by the International Herb Association as the 2008 Herb of the Year. According to the Association, “ to receive this honored title, it has to be outstanding in at least two of the three major categories: medicinal, culinary, or decorative. Calendula’s medicinal history is busy which continues in present times. The petals can be used in the bath, ointments and salves where it contributes anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties which help with external sores, cuts, bruises, burns and rashes.”

The experience

There are still flowers in the Sussex House garden that Drumm’s group is harvesting. “We’ll make one more big batch,” Drumm said, “And now we seem to have everything down pat. This has been a wonderful learning experience for not only the members — about herbs and how they can work — but also for me.” Some of the goals of Sussex House is to teach members how to gather feedback, look at situations themselves, learn skills and make the best choices possible, and then gather support for their choices and carry them out. “This has been a real team building experience,” Drumm said, “Everyone had roles in the process of making the ointment and worked well as a team.”

Calendula got its name because it blooms every new moon. The name “marigold” refers to the Virgin Mary, and the flower is often used in Catholic events that honor her. With a name like marigold, some probably think they can use the annual flowers from their garden. That is probably either French marigold or African marigold and is a totally different species.

For those who like the technical facts, calendula contains these medicinal ingredients: calendulin, beta-carotene and other carotenoids, isoquercitrin, narcissin, rutin, amyrin, lupeol, sterols, and volatile oils. The flowers also contain complex polysaccharides with properties that stimulate immunity.

Calendula can be taken internally or externally. Internally, calendula is especially used for gastrointestinal disorders. It protects the lining of the stomach and intestines by inhibiting the causes of swelling and inflammation, and by limiting the effects of the bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcers, and stomach cancer. Taken orally calendula has been used to sooth stomach ulcers and inflammation. Some report it to be effective in fighting fever, boils, abscesses, and recurrent vomiting.

External uses are related to the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory qualities of calendula’s orange petals. These two traits have made this flower a popular treatment for a host of bodily infections. Some feel it is as effective in treating ear infections as some leading prescription drugs. Try using calendula tea to wash eyes suffering from chronic conjunctivitis (pink eye). As an ointment, it will both soothe the inflammation and reduce it by attacking the bacteria causing the swelling. It is also effective in treating other inflammations. These include hemorrhoids, vaginal itching caused by menopausal tissue changes, insect bites, diaper rash, acne, burns, scalds, eczema, and sunburn.

By using this herb on infections, healing is more pain-free, better, and faster. Cosmetic creams use calendula to lessen the appearance of wrinkles and hydrate skin. Gargling with calendula water or tea may ease the pain of a sore throat.

Calendula is also recommended for use in treating varicose veins, chronic ulcers, capillary engorgement, and congestion. Calendula flowers are edible, and may be added to salads or cooked foods. They can also be dried for use in teas. Calendula adds flavor and color to cereals, rice, and soups.

Calendula may be purchased or prepared as creams, teas, tinctures, infusions, compresses, and washes. To make calendula tea, simply pour about a cup of boiling water over 1-2 teaspoons of calendula flowers and let sit for 15 minutes. Calendula tea may be taken 3 times per day. Calendula tincture, which can be taken with water or tea, can be taken 3 times a day (in doses of 1-2 ml). To make calendula tincture, soak a cup of flowers in .5 quarts of rectified alcohol for 5 to 6 weeks. A tincture dose is 5 to 15 drops. To create a calendula salve for external application, boil 1 oz of dried flowers or leaves with 1 oz lard.

Calendula is a very safe herb. The only known reactions are in people with ragweed allergy. Do not use tincture on wounds as the alcohol base will burn the raw tissue. Be sure wounds are cleaned before applying calendula.
Though this article has covered many of the benefits of whole Calendula flowers, more are detailed on our website at More Than Alive. Visit us today and learn how bulk herbs can make a profound impact on your total body health.

Check calendula.name soon

Calendula aka Marigolds – one of the most popular and ancient medical plants. Medicines based on amazing properties of calendula seeds are widely spread in the modern pharmacy.

Calendula is a herbal medicine. It is usually used in the form of the mouth rinsing tincture or ointment to treat furuncles, wounds, ulcers.

Calendula plant also has strong bactericidal properties against some pathogens, particularly staphylococci and streptococci. Tinctures and calendula ointment are made from calendula officinalis. Calendula products made from calendula flowers are for external use to treat burns, minor wounds and fistulas, to rinse the mouth.

A great number of cosmetic calendula products are produced nowadays: calendula cream, calendula lotion, calendula shampoo, toothpaste. Calendula healthy influences oily skin. Calendula lotion normalizes the activity of the sebaceous glands. It is useful for oily hair.

Calendula cream with its gentle, soothing properties, is used for baby care – eliminates the itching and skin irritation.

Sphere of application

- In case of injuries, bruises, hematomas – to put immediately the cream on the injury;
- To moisten dry, sensitive skin – as needed;
- For oily and sensitive skin – can be used as a day cream;
- For regeneration (healing) of the skin after burns, frostbite – apply a thin layer to the wound;
- Painful menstruation – Two days before the expected time for the flow to begin, rub cream on the abdominal area;
- Indigestion – to rub the cream on the abdomen;
- Incisions – against keloid scars – regularly balsam the joints;
- Varicose veins (recommended to use in combination with foot balm) – regularly put on the sore places.

Calendula extract stimulates metabolism of skin cells, prevents free radicals formation and protects cells from their destructive effects. Calendula flower extract has bactericidal, anti-infective and wound healing effect.

Anti-inflammatory, healing, softening properties of calendula oil is very useful against skin diseases, as well as in caring for sensitive skin. It helps against dry eczema, psoriasis. Calendula protects the skin on hands and foot from cracking and chill.

Calendula ointment applied for external use for minor skin cuts, mosquito bites, superficial burns, etc.

Calendula lotion – cosmetic lotion for sensitive skin care with humidifying effect . It helps to protect your skin and prevents irritation, providing calming effect.

Calendula officinalis flowers tincture is used externally as an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent for cuts, injuries, eczema, stomatitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and other similar diseases.

Calendula tincture is also used in gynecological practice for the treatment of cervical erosion. Calendula tincture can be taken orally as a choleretic agent